Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C (40 mg/kg) on treatment of obesity. (A) Body weight change of mice; (B) Weight gain of mice; (C) Total fat content of mice; (D) White fat content; (E) Fat mass/body mass; (F) Lean mass/body mass; (G) Energy efficiency of mice; (H) Muscle content of mice; (I) Body fluid content of mice. a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Treatment effects of I3C (40 mg/kg) on the development of insulin resistance induced by HFD feeding in mouse. (A) Fasting blood glucose; (B) Fasting insulin; (C) HOMA-IR; (D) Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); (E) OGTT AUC; (F) insulin tolerance test (ITT); (G) ITT AUC; a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Supplementing I3C (40 mg/kg) to improve blood lipids and systemic inflammation in HFD mice. (A) T-CHO concentration; (B) TG concentration; (C) LDL-C concentration; (D) HDL-C concentration; (E) IL-6 concentration; (F) TNF-α concentration; (G) IL-1β concentration; (H) CXCL1concentration; (I) IFN-γ concentration; (J) MPO concentration. a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: The treatment effect of I3C (40 mg/kg) on HFD induced liver steatosis in mice. (A) HE staining of liver tissue sections; (B) Steatosis Score; (C) TG concentrations in liver; (D) AST concentration; (E) ALT concentration. a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Staining, Concentration Assay, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Supplementing I3C (40 mg/kg) to prevent HFD induced intestinal mucosal damage and inflammation in mice. (A) HE staining of colon; ( n = 10) (B) Immunohistochemistry detection of Claudin 4 protein level; ( n = 10) (C) Immunohistochemistry detection of Occludin protein level; ( n = 10) (D) Immunohistochemistry detection of ZO-1; ( n = 10) (E) Western Blotting detection of Claudin4, Occludin and ZO-1 protein levels in the colon. ( n = 5) a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Western Blot, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: I3C (40 mg/kg) modulated the composition of the gut microbiota in different classification levels. (A) Phylum; (B) Genus. a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C (40 mg/kg) on intestinal flora abundance in obese mice at Phylum level. At Phylum level: (A) Ligilactobacillus ; (B) Akkermansia ; (C) Eisenbergiella ; (D) Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group ; (E) Lactococcus ; (F) Coprococcus ; a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD.

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Key phylotypes of the gut microbiota that responded to I3C (40 mg/kg) supplementation in the NCD or HFD mice. (A) Cladogram generated from LEfSe analysis showing the relationship between taxon (the levels represent, from the inner to outer rings, phylum, class, order, family, and genus); (B) linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores derived from LEfSe analysis, showing the biomarker taxa LDA score of >4 (the length of the bar represents the LDA score). (A) NCD group, (B) NCD-I3C group, (C) HFD group, (D) HFD-I3C group.

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Generated, Derivative Assay, Biomarker Discovery

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Correlation between the changes of gut microbiota and the levels of blood glucose, blood lipids and inflammatory factors at the genus level. (A) Correlation analysis of bacteria with intestinal barrier protein; (B) Correlation analysis between bacteria and obesity factor; (C) Correlation network between bacteria and obesity factor; (D) Correlation network between bacteria and intestinal barrier protein; (E) Heatmap based on the levels of obesity-related indicators and relative abundance of key intestinal bacteria in NCD, HFD, HFD-I3C mice. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 10).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Bacteria

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: I3C (40 mg/kg) treatment effect on serum metabolism (n = 7). (A) Scores plot of PCA analysis of all samples; (B) Scores plot of PLS-DA of HFD vs. NCD; (C) Scores plot of PLS-DA of HFD vs. HFD-I3C; (D) Serum H-NMR spectra of HFD, NCD and HFD-I3Cgroup; (E) Amplification of common peak of serum H-NMR spectrum in each group; Numbers represent the peaks of metabolites: 1. VLDL; 2. Lactic acid; 3. Methylamine; 4 Glutathione; 5. Creatine; 6. Tyramine; 7.1-Methyl-L-histidine; 8. Glycerophosphocholine; 9. Glucose; 10. Argininosuccinic acid; 11. D-Galactose; 12. Biotin; 13. L-Isoleucine; 14. Leucine; 15. Valine; 16.3-hydroxybutyric acid; 17. Lipids; 18. LDL; 19. Alanine; 20. Acetate; 21. Glycoprotein; 22. Methionine; 23. Pyruvic acid; 24. Carnitine; 25. Lactose; 26. N-Acetyl-D-mannosamine; (F) Correlations network between gut microbiota and serum metabolites; (G) I3C treatment effect on contentof differential metabolite. a P < 0.05, indicating comparison with NCD; b P < 0.05, indicating comparison with HFD. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. ( n = 7).

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques: Amplification, Comparison

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Modulation of gut microbiota, up-regulation of ZO-1, and promotion of metabolism as therapeutic mechanisms of indole-3-carbinol against obesity in mice

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1499142

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differentially expressed metabolites in the HFD and HFD-I3C group.

Article Snippet: I3C was procured from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (S49927); Orlistat enteric tablets were commercially available from Zhejiang Hisun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (H20100089); Metformin was supplied by ChongQing KeRui NanHai Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (691,504).

Techniques:

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Indole-3-carbinol alleviates allergic skin inflammation via periostin/thymic stromal lymphopoietin suppression in atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01042-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C on the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TSLP, and periostin in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. A Cell viability was measured using MTT assay in HaCaT keratinocytes. B–E Pro-inflammatory cytokines productions were measured using ELISA kit. F TSLP and periostin were western-blotted from total proteins. Internal control featured β-actin. Densitometric analysis was facilitated using Bio-Rad Quantity One® Software. The data presented represent the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; *p < 0.05, and ***p < 0.001 vs. the TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated group

Article Snippet: Sigma; EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) supplied I3C (I7256, ≥ 96%), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and all other chemicals for this study.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Control, Software

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Indole-3-carbinol alleviates allergic skin inflammation via periostin/thymic stromal lymphopoietin suppression in atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01042-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C on the clinical features of DNCB-induced AD skin in NC/Nga mice. A Clinical features of AD-skin symptoms of mice. B Measurement of dermatitis scores occurred once a week over 5 weeks. The dermatitis score, defined as the sum of scores graded for each symptom, was recorded. C Serum level of IgE was measured using an ELISA kit. D Lymph nodes and E spleen weights of mice were recorded and shown as weight/body weight ratio (%). F Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and G scratching number of mice were measured at end of 5 weeks. ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. DNCB-stimulated group

Article Snippet: Sigma; EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) supplied I3C (I7256, ≥ 96%), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and all other chemicals for this study.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Indole-3-carbinol alleviates allergic skin inflammation via periostin/thymic stromal lymphopoietin suppression in atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01042-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of I3C on histological alterations in DNCB-induced AD skin in NC/Nga mice. A AD mouse skin lesions stained with H&E, showcasing a scale bar of 200 μm. B Measurement of epidermal thickness involved assessing H&E stained sections under a microscope. C Presentation of AD mouse skin lesions stained with toluidine blue, featuring a scale bar of 200 μm. D Mast cell infiltration in toluidine blue stained sections is quantified as the average total count across five fields. The presented data signify the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ***p < 0.001 vs. the DNCB-stimulated group

Article Snippet: Sigma; EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) supplied I3C (I7256, ≥ 96%), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and all other chemicals for this study.

Techniques: Staining, Microscopy, Control

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Indole-3-carbinol alleviates allergic skin inflammation via periostin/thymic stromal lymphopoietin suppression in atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01042-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C on TSLP, periostin, and skin barrier proteins via AhR expression in DNCB-induced AD skin in NC/Nga mice. Periostin expressions in mouse dorsal skin. Skin sections stained by A immunohistochemistry (scale bar = 50 μm) or B immunofluorescence with anti-periostin antibody. Red: periostin staining, blue: DAPI nuclei staining (scale bar = 10 μm). C TSLP, TSLPR, periostin, involucrin, loricrin, and AhR were the focus of western blotting in total protein preparations. Specific antibodies facilitated this analysis, with β-actin serving as the internal control. Densitometric assessment was conducted using Bio-Rad Quantity One® Software. The mRNA expression of D TSLP and E periostin was determined using RT-qPCR based on GAPDH as the internal control. F Serum level of TSLP and G protein level of TSLP were measured using an ELISA kit. The data depicted convey the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ***p < 0.001 vs. the DNCB-stimulated group

Article Snippet: Sigma; EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) supplied I3C (I7256, ≥ 96%), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and all other chemicals for this study.

Techniques: Expressing, Staining, Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Control, Software, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Chinese Medicine

Article Title: Indole-3-carbinol alleviates allergic skin inflammation via periostin/thymic stromal lymphopoietin suppression in atopic dermatitis

doi: 10.1186/s13020-024-01042-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of I3C on the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathway in DNCB-induced AD skin in NC/Nga mice. A The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-4 was determined using RT-qPCR based on GAPDH as the internal control. Total proteins were prepared and western blotted for B p-JNK, JNK, p-p38, p38, C p-TAK1, TAK1, p-IκBα, and IκBα using specific antibodies. Internal control β-actin guided the western blotting for this segment. Densitometric analysis, facilitated by Bio-Rad Quantity One® Software, was applied to the data, illustrating the mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments. ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 vs. the DNCB-stimulated group

Article Snippet: Sigma; EMD Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA) supplied I3C (I7256, ≥ 96%), 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)−2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and all other chemicals for this study.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control, Western Blot, Software